Signal analysis and generation of transient information

ABSTRACT

A signal processor receives settings information. The settings information specifies a setting of a given element for each image in a sequence of multiple images in which the given element resides. The signal processor also receives precision metadata specifying an estimated precision of each of the settings of the given element for each image in the sequence. Based on the settings information and the precision metadata, the signal processor generates a setting value for the given element. If the setting value produced for the given element is relatively stable, and thus likely a better representation of a setting for the given element than a current setting of the given element, the signal processor utilizes the generated setting value instead of the current setting for encoding purposes.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional application of earlier filed U.S.patent application Ser. No. 13/352,944 entitled “SIGNAL ANALYSIS ANDGENERATION OF TRANSIENT INFORMATION,” filed on Jan. 18, 2012, the entireteachings of which are incorporated herein by this reference.

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/352,944 is related to and claims thebenefit of earlier filed U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No.61/563,169 entitled “TIER-BASED SYSTEM TO SEPARATE A MULTIDIMENSIONALSIGNAL INTO STABLE/PREDICTABLE INFORMATION AND TRANSIENT INFORMATION,”filed on Nov. 23, 2011, the entire teachings of which are incorporatedherein by this reference.

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/352,944 is related to U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 13/303,554 entitled “UPSAMPLING AND DOWNSAMPLING OFMOTION MAPS AND OTHER AUXILIARY MAPS IN A TIERED SIGNAL QUALITYHIERARCHY,” filed on Nov. 23, 2011, the entire teachings of which areincorporated herein by this reference.

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/352,944 is also related to U.S.patent application Ser. No. 13/188,188 entitled “INHERITANCE IN A TIEREDSIGNAL QUALITY HIERARCHY,” filed on Jul. 21, 2011, the entire teachingsof which are incorporated herein by this reference.

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/352,944 is related to U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 13/188,201 entitled “TIERED SIGNAL DECODING ANDSIGNAL RECONSTRUCTION,” filed on Jul. 21, 2011, the entire teachings ofwhich are incorporated herein by this reference.

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/352,944 is related to U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 13/188,207 entitled “SIGNAL PROCESSING AND TIEREDSIGNAL ENCODING,” filed on Jul. 21, 2011, the entire teachings of whichare incorporated herein by this reference.

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/352,944 is related to U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 13/188,220 entitled “UPSAMPLING IN A TIERED SIGNALQUALITY HIERARCHY,” filed on Jul. 21, 2011, the entire teachings ofwhich are incorporated herein by this reference.

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/352,944 is related to U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 13/188,226 entitled “SIGNAL PROCESSING ANDINHERITANCE IN A TIERED SIGNAL QUALITY HIERARCHY,” filed on Jul. 21,2011, the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein by thisreference.

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/352,944 is related to U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 13/188,237 entitled “TRANSMISSION OF RECONSTRUCTIONDATA IN A TIERED SIGNAL HIERARCHY,” filed on Jul. 21, 2011, the entireteachings of which are incorporated herein by this reference.

BACKGROUND

It happens very often that a digitized signal features severalsubsequent samples of the same underlying information (which by way ofnon-limiting examples might be a 2D image, a 3D volumetric image, oreven a plane of elements featuring more than three dimensions), creatinga multi-dimensional signal (e.g., by way of non-limiting examples a 3Dsignal representing a sequence of subsequent 2D images, or a 4D signalrepresenting a sequence of 3D/volumetric images, etc.) where for one ofits dimensions T (e.g., by way of non-limiting example, the timedimension in time-based signals) we can assume some degree of signalstability over several subsequent samples. Non-limiting real-lifeexamples would be subsequent slices in a Computer Tomography scan,subsequent volumetric images in a MRI scan, subsequent frames in motionpictures, etc.

Due to the nature of real-life sensors and of transmission channels, itis very likely that different samples of a same underlying informationwill feature different characteristics. For instance, a specific samplemight feature slightly different values of a same underlying informationthan previous and/or subsequent samples due to motion blur that wasn'tpresent in other samples, or to slightly different radiation intensity(or light conditions) at the time of sampling, or to thermal noise inthe sensor, or to transmission errors in a channel, etc. The end resultof similar effects is a higher statistical variability of the signalelements along the dimension T with stability hypothesis than it wouldbe necessary or desirable.

The variability of element settings that should otherwise be identicalfrom one frame to the next generates high amounts of detailedinformation (e.g., unnecessary intensity/color variations, planeelements of the wrong color, etc.) that are hard to distinguish from“real” and necessary details in the signal, and that can complicatefurther signal processing (e.g., motion estimation, contentidentification, etc.).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION

The ability to separate stable/relevant information (“core signal”) fromtransient/unnecessary information (“transient layer”) can be useful. Forexample, separation of satble versus transiet infomation according toembodiments herein allows one to improve the intrinsic adherence of thedigitized signal to reality (also facilitating further processing). Inaddition, separation of stable versus transient information enablesbetter compression of the signal, since the amount of informationentropy of transient information (which is typically unpredictable fromneighboring samples) tends to be higher than that of stable information(which albeit very detailed can typically be at least in part predictedfrom neighboring samples).

Embodiments herein deviate with respect to conventional systems andmethods. For example, embodiments herein include providing new andunique methods to separate transient information in a signal (“transientinformation” or “transient layer”) from stable information (“coresignal”).

More specifically, a Stable-Transient Separator as discussed herein,sometimes referred to herein as STS, is a universal method that can beapplied to any multidimensional signal in which a stability hypothesisis applicable for at least one dimension such as dimension T (i.e.,settings of the signal can be assumed to be relatively stable along saiddimension T). In one embodiment, a STS or signal processor as discussedherein enables separation of transient information from a core signal,while at the same time preserving in the core signal all of the detailsthat constitute real/relevant information. STS according to oneembodiment also allows extraction of characteristics (e.g., spectraldistributions of noise, etc.) of the transient layer, so that it ispossible, if necessary, to reconstruct a transient layer with similarcharacteristics (not necessarily identical) as the original transientlayer.

There are one or more advantages associated with identifying and/orremoving unnecessary transient information (e.g., noise, film grain,highly variable details, etc.) from a signal. For example, identifyingand removing the transient components from settings can help to reducethe information entropy of element settings from one image to the nextor even within a same image. Reducing the information entropy reduces anamount of data that is needed in order to encode a rendition of thesignal. Additionally, identifying and removing the transient/noisecomponents from settings can make it is possible to encode a moreaccurate and higher quality rendition of the signal.

For simplicity, and for the sake of describing the invention,embodiments illustrated herein refer to 3D time-based signals, and inother particular instances, to sequences of 2D planes of settings (e.g.,sequences of 2D images in a suitable color space). However, the conceptsas discussed herein can be applied to any other types ofmulti-dimensional signal, not necessarily time-based, in which at leastone dimension T (e.g., time) is suitable for a stability hypothesis,i.e., settings of the signal can be assumed to be relatively stablealong said dimension(s).

For example, embodiments herein can include compensating for motion andwith the exception of variations above a threshold, the signal maintainssimilar values for several subsequent samples along a dimension T. Inessence, the signal can be assumed to have a certain degree ofpredictability along dimension T. For the dimensions where it is notvalid the hypothesis that the signal is relatively stable, we assumethat we are not willing to lose detailed information, even if it's verylocal and/or non-correlated with other portions of the signal alongthose dimensions.

In particular, we will refer to each 2D plane in the sequence as “sampleof the signal in the position t”, where t is a suitable position indimension T.

One embodiment herein includes a signal processor configured to producea moving average for each of the elements of a sample of the signal inposition t, with the moving average calculated as a weighted average ofmeasures of corresponding elements in neighboring samples of the signal.

In one embodiment, the moving average is weighed with precision-basedweights, taking into account the statistical properties of each planarsample of the signal. For example, the statistical properties oftransient information are not assumed constant for each sample of thesignal, so measures coming from different samples are weigheddifferently in the moving average.

In a further more specific embodiment, higher weight values are assignedto samples deemed to be of higher precision. If the measure of settingsof an element (i.e., its corresponding settings) in position T isdifferent from its corresponding moving average above a thresholdamount, the moving average setting for the element is reset soinformation indicating a degree to which one or more element settingsfor each element in a sequence is stable or not.

In accordance with further embodiments, a signal processor leverages amap of moving averages associated with one or more elements in order toproduce a new rendition of the sample of the signal (“core signal”)without encoding the transient information that was previously includedin the original signal. Transient information (e.g., obtained bysubtracting the “core signal” rendition of the sample from the originalsample) can be analyzed and stored separately. In certain cases, thetransient information can be made available for further use ifnecessary.

In yet another embodiment, a signal processor analyzes attributes of thetransient information identified in a signal. The signal processor cancapture an essence of the transient information as being of a particulartype of mathematical distribution. If desired, the signal can be encodedwithout the transient information. A decoder reproducing a rendition ofthe signal can decode the data to produce a rendition of the signalwithout the identified transient information. As mentioned, in oneembodiment, the signal processor can add the transient information (inaccordance with the attributes identified by the signal processor) backin the signal in accordance with the particular type of mathematicaldistribution associated with the identified transient information.

An original signal (including the transient information) andcorresponding reproduced version of the signal (including transientinformation generated based on the particular type of mathematicaldistribution) may not be identical because the transient information isnot added back into the signal in the exact same location and/or withthe same settings as the transient information present in the originalsignal. However, the essence of the original signal and the reproducedsignal will appear to be quite similar.

In another embodiment, the map of moving averages can be used in afeedback loop in order to update the precision information associatedwith each sample of the signal.

In yet further embodiments, accurate auxiliary maps (e.g., motionmaps/prediction maps providing a motion vector/prediction vector foreach element of each leveraged in order to relax the stabilityhypothesis assumed for dimension T. In such embodiment, the map ofmoving averages is motion-compensated before being leveraged to producea new rendition of the sample of the signal without transientinformation.

In accordance with further more specific embodiments, values associatedwith motion vectors (e.g., by way of non-limiting examples, the radiusof each motion vector, or the confidence level/precision associated witheach motion vector) are leveraged in order to influence the map ofmoving averages. For example, a sequence of images (e.g., video frames)can include one or more elements that represent a moving object. Motionmaps include information indicating movement of the one or more objectsin the sequence of images. The settings of elements in the images for agiven object may be the same even though the x-y position of theelements representing the object moves from one image to the next.So-called motion maps (e.g., motion vector information) can be used toidentify and track the movement of the object from one image to thenext.

Embodiments herein include monitoring and analyzing elementsrepresenting the moving object from one plane (e.g., video frame, etc.)to the next in a sequence. In one embodiment, the motion map informationspecifies the movements of the elements. Setting information (e.g.,display setting information in a suitable color space, such as YUV, RGB,HSV, etc.) associated with the images indicates settings assigned to themoving elements. For each element, the signal processor can beconfigured to determine whether changes in the settings for a givenmoving element amount to transient information (e.g., acquisition noise,film grain, highly variable details, etc.) or whether they occur due toa change in a scene.

In accordance with yet a further embodiment, a signal processor receivessettings information. The settings information specifies a setting of agiven element for each image (e.g., plane, frame, etc.) in a sequence ofmultiple images in which the given element resides. The signal processoralso receives precision metadata specifying statistical properties(e.g., an estimated precision, etc.) of each of the settings of thegiven element for each image in the sequence. Based on the settingsinformation and the precision metadata, the signal processor generates asetting value for the given element. The setting value can indicate adegree to which settings for the given element are stable over one ormore of the images.

In one example embodiment, if the setting value or moving averageproduced for the given element is relatively stable, and thus likely abetter representation of a setting for the given element than a currentsetting of the given element, the signal processor utilizes for eachimage the generated setting value (e.g., setting of the element less thetransient information, or “generated stable value”) over a sequence ofmultiple images instead of the current setting of the given element as abasis to encode a setting of the given element for one or more images ofthe sequence of images.

The estimated precision information associated with a respective settingof the given element can be a statistical measurement indicating aprobability or degree to which a respective setting of the multiplesettings may include a significant component of transient information(e.g., noise, film grain, etc.). In one embodiment, such estimatedprecision information for the elements of a given image is calculatedbased at least in part on the generated stable values of the previousimage.

In accordance with a further embodiment, the signal processor assigns acorresponding precision value to the stable setting value (e.g., movingaverage) for the given element for the sequence of images based at leastin part on a sum of the estimated precisions of each of the settings ofthe given element for each image in the sequence.

In a more specific embodiment, when generating the stable setting valueto the given element, the signal processor applies weight factors toeach of the settings; the weight factors vary based at least in part onthe estimated precisions of the settings for the given element. Thesignal processor sums the weighted settings to produce the setting valuefor the given element. Thus, embodiments herein can include generatingthe setting value for the given element based on different weightings ofthe settings in the sequence.

In accordance with further embodiments, the signal processor cannormalize the weight factors for a window of settings or samplesassociated with a given element being analyzed. For example, inaccordance with another embodiment, the signal processor normalizes theweight factors prior to applying the weight factors to the settings.

In yet another embodiment, as mentioned, the stable setting value forthe given element over the sequence of images is a moving average valuecalculated based on weightings of the settings of the given element foreach image in the sequence. As mentioned, a magnitude of the weightingsapplied to the settings vary depending at least in part on the estimatedprecision of each of the settings.

The stable setting value for the given element can be updated for eachadditional sample image in which the given element resides. For example,in one embodiment, the signal processor can receive a next setting valueand corresponding precision value assigned to the given element for anext contiguous image along dimension T following a previously analyzedsequence of images. The signal processor updates the setting valueassigned to the given element based on a combination of the assignedsetting value and a weighting of the next setting of the given elementfor the next contiguous image.

The setting value for the given element may change drastically from oneimage to the next. This can occur due to several reasons, such as (inthe case of video images) a change of lighting conditions, a change inthe nature of the entity to which the element belongs, or a change inthe scenery captured by the images. In such an embodiment, the movingaverage or setting value can be reset or alternatively updated based onattributes of another image following the initial sequence of images onwhich the stable setting value for the given element is based.

For example, in accordance with a first sample case, assume that thesignal processor receives a next setting value and correspondingprecision value assigned to the given element for a subsequent imagefollowing the sequence. The signal processor generates a differencevalue indicating a difference between the previously generated settingvalue (for a window of one or more images) and the next setting valuefor the given element (in a next image following the window of images).Embodiments herein can include generating a threshold value. The signalprocessor compares the difference value to the threshold value.Responsive to detecting that the difference value is less than thethreshold value, the signal processor updates the setting value assignedto the given element based at least in part on a combination of thegenerated setting value and a weighting of the next setting of the givenelement.

Alternatively, in accordance with a second example case, assume thesignal processor receives a next setting value and correspondingprecision value assigned to the given element for a next contiguousimage following the sequence of images. As mentioned, the signalprocessor can generate a difference value indicating a differencebetween the generated setting value (for the window images) and the nextsetting value for the given element (in a next image following thewindow of images). The signal processor compares the difference value toa threshold value. In this example, responsive to detecting that thedifference value is greater than the threshold value, the signalprocessor resets the buffered setting value and updates the settingvalue for the given element to be equal to the next setting value. Thus,when the difference is above a generated threshold value, the signalprocessor disregards the previous settings.

Note that the given element can represent an entity (e.g., object)residing at different position coordinates of each image in thesequence. The signal processor can be configured to utilize motionvector information associated with the sequence of images to identifythe different position coordinates of the given element in each image ofthe sequence. The motion vector information indicates movement of theentity in the sequence of images.

In addition to or as an alternative to generating the weight factorsdepending on magnitudes of the precision of element settings,embodiments herein can include generating a magnitude of the weightingsapplied to the settings based at least in part on precision metadataassociated with the motion vector information. The precision metadataassociated with the motion vectors can indicate a degree to which themotion vector is accurate.

As previously mentioned, the stable setting value or moving averagevalue generated for each image in a sequence of one or more images canbe used to encode a signal as opposed to using the original settings forthe given element in each of the images. This potentially reduces anamount of data needed to encode the signal, often at the same timeimproving the perceived quality of the signal. In other words,embodiments herein can include characterizing transient information(e.g., noise, film grain, highly variable details, etc.) and encoding asignal with a reduced amount of transient information.

Embodiments herein can further include analyzing variations in thesettings of the images to identify attributes of transient components inthe settings and encode a signal with reduced transient components. Uponsubsequent rendering of the sequence of multiple images during playback,a decoder and/or playback device can be configured to inject theidentified transient components (e.g., noise) back into a rendition ofthe sequence of multiple images during playback so that it appearssimilar to the original signal.

In accordance with further embodiments, precision metadata can begenerated based on an analysis of a group of elements or an entire imageas opposed to merely analyzing settings of a single element from oneimage to the next. For example, in one embodiment, a processing resourcecan generate the precision metadata for the given element and arespective image in the sequence based on an overall analysis of agrouping of multiple elemental settings in the respective image comparedto corresponding settings in at least one previous image with respect tothe respective image.

These and other embodiment variations are discussed in more detailbelow.

As mentioned above, note that embodiments herein may be implemented insoftware or hardware, or may be implemented using a combination ofsoftware and hardware, and can include a configuration of one or morecomputerized devices, routers, network, workstations, handheld or laptopcomputers, set-top boxes, etc., to carry out and/or support any or allof the method operations disclosed herein. In other words, one or morecomputerized devices or processors can be programmed and/or configuredto operate as explained herein to carry out different embodiments.

In addition to the techniques as discussed above, yet other embodimentsherein include software programs to perform the steps and operationssummarized above and disclosed in detail below. One such embodimentcomprises a computer-readable, hardware storage resource (i.e., anon-transitory computer readable media) including computerized devicehaving a processor and corresponding memory, programs and/or causes theprocessor to perform any of the operations disclosed herein. Sucharrangements can be provided as software, code, and/or other data (e.g.,data structures) arranged or encoded on a computer readable medium suchas an optical medium (e.g., CD-ROM, or DVD-ROM), floppy or hard disk orany other medium capable of storing computer readable instructions suchas firmware or microcode in one or more ROM or RAM or PROM chips or asan Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC). The software orfirmware or other such configurations can be installed onto acomputerized device to cause the computerized device to perform thetechniques explained herein.

Accordingly, one particular embodiment of the present disclosure isdirected to a computer program product that includes a computer-readablehardware storage medium having instructions stored thereon forsupporting any of the signal processing operations as discussed herein.

The ordering of the steps has been added for clarity sake. These stepscan be performed in any suitable order.

Other embodiments of the present disclosure include software programs,firmware, and/or respective hardware to perform any of the methodembodiment steps and operations summarized above and disclosed in detailbelow.

Also, it is to be understood that the system, method, apparatus,instructions on computer readable storage media, etc., as discussedherein can be embodied strictly as a software program, as a hybrid ofsoftware, firmware, and/or hardware, or as hardware alone such as withina processor, or within an operating system or within a softwareapplication, etc.

As discussed above, techniques herein are well suited for use insoftware, firmware, and/or hardware applications that process signalsand produce motion vectors. However, it should be noted that embodimentsherein are not limited to use in such applications and that thetechniques discussed herein are well suited for other applications aswell.

Additionally, note that although each of the different features,techniques, intended that each of the concepts can be executedindependently of each other or in combination with each other.Accordingly, the one or more present inventions, embodiments, etc., asdescribed herein can be embodied and viewed in many different ways.

Also, note that this preliminary discussion of embodiments herein doesnot specify every embodiment and/or incrementally novel aspect of thepresent disclosure or claimed invention(s). Instead, this briefdescription only presents general embodiments and corresponding pointsof novelty over conventional techniques. For additional details and/orpossible perspectives (permutations) of the invention(s), the reader isdirected to the Detailed Description section and corresponding figuresof the present disclosure as further discussed below.

In accordance with yet further embodiments, embodiments herein include amethod of generating per each element m of a multidimensional signal, astable value v, based on a stability hypothesis along one of thedimensions T of the signal, the method comprising: selecting orreceiving a plane element m of the signal; based at least in part on thecoordinates of element m, selecting or receiving k−1 additional planeelements of the signal (with k≥2), each of the k elements characterizedby a different coordinate along the dimension T with a stabilityhypothesis; and based at least in part on the settings of each of the kelements, generating a stable value v for plane element m.

In yet a further embodiment, the k elements are located one subsequentto the other along the dimension T with stability hypothesis.

In yet further embodiments, the contribution of each of the k elementsto the stable value v depends at least in part on statistical parametersassociated with the stable value. The method further comprises:selecting or receiving a plane element m of the signal; based at leastin part on the coordinates of element m, selecting or receiving k−1additional plane elements from the signal, each of the k elementscharacterized by a different coordinate along the dimension T withstability hypothesis; based at least in part on the settings of each ofthe k elements and on statistical parameters associated to each element,generating a stable value v for plane element m.

In yet further embodiments, the statistical parameters associated toeach element include information on the precision of each element.(e.g., by way of non-limiting example, precision can be calculated asthe inverse of the estimated variance of settings).

In yet further embodiments, the selection and the contribution of eachof the k elements to the stable value v depend at least in part on thesettings of element m. The method further comprises: selecting a planeelement m of the signal; based at least in part on the coordinates ofelement m and on the settings of m, selecting k−1 additional planeelements from the signal, each of the k elements characterized by adifferent coordinate along the dimension T with stability hypothesis;based at least in part on the settings of each of the k elements and onstatistical parameters associated to each element, generating a stablevalue v for plane element m.

In yet another embodiment, the stable value associated to each element mcan be generated by weighing the settings of each of the k elementsbased on the statistical parameters associated to each of the kelements.

In accordance with another embodiment, the weights associated toelements whose settings differ from the settings of element m beyond athreshold are set to zero. A setting of the threshold can depend atleast in part on estimated statistical properties of measures of thesignal for elements with the same coordinate along dimension T aselement m.

In yet another embodiment, each of the k−1 elements selected to generatethe stable value v for element m is identified by leveraging suitablemotion vectors, the method further comprises: selecting a plane elementm of the signal; based at least in part on the coordinates of element m,on the settings of m and on a motion vector associated to element m,selecting at least one additional plane element i of the signal,characterized by a preceding or subsequent coordinate along thedimension T with stability hypothesis; up until k elements have beenselected (with k≥2), based at least in part on the coordinates of thelast selected element, on the settings of the last selected element andon a motion vector associated to it, selecting at least one additionalplane element j of the signal, characterized by a preceding orsubsequent coordinate along the dimension T with elements and onstatistical parameters associated to each element, generating a stablevalue v for plane element m.

In yet another embodiment, the contribution of each selected element tothe stable value depends on meta-information associated to motionvectors (e.g., by way of non-limiting example on precision informationassociated to motion vectors), the method comprising: selecting a planeelement m of the signal; based at least in part on the coordinates ofelement m and on a motion vector associated to element m, selecting atleast one additional plane element i of the signal, characterized by apreceding or subsequent coordinate along the dimension T with stabilityhypothesis; up until k elements have been selected (with k≥2), based atleast in part on the coordinates of the last selected element and on amotion vector associated to it, selecting at least one additional planeelement j of the signal, characterized by a preceding or subsequentcoordinate along the dimension T with stability hypothesis; based atleast in part on the settings of each of the identified elements, onstatistical parameters associated to each element and on statisticalparameters associated to the motion vectors used to identify theelements, generating a stable value v for plane element m.

In yet another embodiment, the stable value associated to each element mis generated based at least in part on settings contained in a bufferv^(old) associated to the coordinate of element m along dimension T, themethod further comprises: selecting a plane M of the signal for a givencoordinate t along dimension T; selecting within M a plane element m ofthe signal; identifying buffer V^(old) corresponding to plane M of thesignal; based at least in part on the coordinates of element m,selecting an element v^(old) in buffer V^(old); based at least in parton the settings of m, on the settings of v^(old), and on suitable weightparameters associated to settings of m and v^(old), generating a stablevalue v for plane element m.

In yet further embodiments, the weight parameters associated to m andv^(old) are normalized, so that the sum of the weights is equal to 1.

In yet another embodiment, the weight parameters depend on statisticalparameters such as the estimated precisions of m and v^(old). In anon-limiting embodiment, previsions are calculated as the inverse of thevariance.

In accordance with further embodiments, the weight parameter associatedto v^(old) is set to zero whenever settings of m and v^(old) differbeyond a threshold, the threshold depending at least in part onestimated statistical properties of m and v^(old).

In another embodiment, the buffer value P^(old) contains a plane ofelements p^(old), each element p^(old) of buffer P^(old) correspondingto an element v^(old) of buffer V^(old), the method comprising:selecting a plane M of the signal for a given coordinate t alongdimension T; selecting within M a plane element m of the signal;identifying buffer V^(old) corresponding to plane M of the signal; basedat least in part on the coordinates of element m, selecting an elementv^(old) in buffer V^(old); identifying buffer P^(old) corresponding toplane V^(old); based at least in part on the coordinates of elementv^(old), selecting an element v^(old) in buffer P^(old) associated toelement v^(old); based at least in part on the settings of m, on thesettings of v^(old), and on suitable weight parameters associated tosettings of m and v^(old), generating a stable value v for plane elementm, the weight parameter associated to v^(old) depending at least in parton settings of element p^(old).

In another embodiment, the weight parameters associated to settings of mdepends at least in part on statistical properties p^(new) of the planeof differences between signal measures (i.e., settings of signalelements) and corresponding generated stable values for a coordinatealong dimension T neighboring the coordinate along dimension T ofelement m.

In accordance with further embodiments, settings of buffer V^(old) for agiven coordinate t along dimension T are generated by adjusting, basedat least in part on the contents of an auxiliary map associated with thesignal, the plane of stable settings V generated for the plane M ofelements of the signal with coordinate T=t.

In another embodiment, settings of buffer P^(old) for a given coordinatet along dimension T are generated by adjusting, based at least in parton the contents of an auxiliary map associated with the signal, a planeof settings generated based at least in part on the settings of bufferP^(old) for a neighboring coordinate (e.g., t−1 or t+1) of coordinate talong dimension T.

In accordance with yet further embodiments, the plane MM (motion map)motion map, the method further comprises: generating settings of bufferV^(old) for a given coordinate t along dimension T by motioncompensating, based at least in part on motion vectors contained in amotion map MM associated with the plane of the signal at coordinate T=t,the plane of stable settings V generated for the plane M of elements ofthe signal with coordinate T=t.

In yet further embodiments, the plane MM with coordinate T=t of theauxiliary map associated with the signal is a motion map, the methodfurther comprises: generating settings of buffer P^(old) for a givencoordinate t along dimension T by motion compensating, based at least inpart on motion vectors contained in a motion map MM associated with theplane of the signal at coordinate T=t, a plane of settings generatedbased at least in part on the settings of buffer P^(old) for aneighboring coordinate (e.g., t−1 or t+1) of coordinate t alongdimension T; if meta-information on statistical properties of motionvectors are available (e.g., by way of non-limiting example, informationon the precision of each motion vector), adjusting settings of bufferP^(old) based on the statistical properties of the corresponding motionvectors.

In another embodiment, the stable values are generated with a resolution(i.e., numbers of elements along the various coordinates) that isdifferent from the resolution of the signal, the method furthercomprises: selecting a plane M of the signal for a given coordinate talong dimension T; identifying buffer V^(new) corresponding to plane Mof the signal, buffer V^(new) featuring a resolution (i.e., number ofelements along the various coordinates) that is different from theresolution of plane M; generating settings for buffer V^(new) based atleast in part on settings of plane M; selecting within V^(new) a planeelement v^(new); identifying buffer V^(old) corresponding to plane M ofthe signal, buffer V^(old) featuring the same resolution as bufferV^(new); based at least in part on the coordinates of element v^(new),selecting an element v^(old) in buffer V^(old); identifying bufferP^(old) corresponding to plane V^(old), buffer P^(old) featuring thesame resolution as buffer V^(new) and V^(old); based at least in part onthe coordinates of element v^(old), selecting an element p^(old) inbuffer P^(old) associated to element v^(old); based at least in part onthe settings of v^(new), on the settings of v^(old), and on suitableweight parameters associated to settings of v^(new) and v^(old),generating a stable value v corresponding to plane element v^(new), theweight parameter associated to v^(old) depending at least in part onsettings of element p^(old).

In yet further embodiments, based at least in part on the differencebetween stable settings v and the corresponding settings of elements ofthe signal, information on transient component of the signal isgenerated, the method further comprises: selecting a plane M of thesignal for a given coordinate t along dimension T; generating for eachelement m of plane M a stable value v; based at least in part ondifferences between settings of plane M and their corresponding stablevalues, generating information TC on transient component of plane M.

In another embodiment, the information TC (transient component) includesparameters indicating the spectral distribution of the differencesbetween settings of plane M and their corresponding stable values.

In yet another embodiment, the information TC includes reconstructiondata to reconstruct a tiered hierarchy (i.e., progressively higherlevels of quality) of renditions of differences between settings ofplane M and their corresponding stable values, according to a method oftiered signal decoding and signal reconstruction as incorporated hereinby reference.

In another embodiment, planes of the signal along dimension T areprogressively available over time, as opposed to being all immediatelyavailable for processing.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing and other objects, features, and advantages of theinvention will be apparent from the following more particulardescription of preferred embodiments herein, as illustrated in theaccompanying drawings in which like reference characters refer to thesame parts throughout the different views. The drawings are notnecessarily to scale, with emphasis instead being placed uponillustrating the embodiments, principles, concepts, etc.

FIG. 1 is an example diagram illustrating variations in settings ofplane elements in a sequence of planes according to embodiments herein.

FIGS. 2A and 2B are example diagrams illustrating sampling of planeelements according to embodiments herein.

FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C are example diagrams illustrating movement andsampling of plane elements according to embodiments herein.

FIG. 4 is an example diagram illustrating processing of plane elementsto generate stability information according to embodiments herein.

FIG. 5 is an example diagram illustrating processing of plane elementsto generate stability information according to embodiments herein.

FIG. 6 is an example diagram illustrating generation of precisioninformation according to embodiments herein.

FIGS. 7A and 7B are example diagrams illustrating generation ofprocessing plane element settings and corresponding precisioninformation according to embodiments herein.

FIGS. 8A and 8B are example diagrams illustrating encoding and decodingaccording to embodiments herein.

FIG. 9 is an example diagram illustrating of an architecture to performprocessing according to embodiments herein.

FIGS. 10 and 11 are example diagrams depicting example methods accordingto embodiments herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

In accordance with one example embodiment, a signal processor receivessettings information. The settings information specifies a setting of agiven element for each image (e.g., plane, frame, etc.) in a sequence ofmultiple images in which the given element resides. The signal processoralso receives statistical information such as precision metadataspecifying an estimated precision of each of the settings of the givenelement for each image in the sequence. Based on the settingsinformation and the precision metadata, the signal processor generates asetting value for the given element.

The setting value generated for an element under test (e.g., givenelement) can be which a setting for the given element is stable over oneor more of the images. In one example embodiment, if the setting valueor moving average produced for the given element is relatively stable,and thus likely a better representation of a setting for the givenelement than a current setting of the given element, a signal processorencoding the signal utilizes the generated stable setting value over asequence of multiple images instead of the current setting of the givenelement as a basis to encode a setting of the given element for one ormore images of the sequence of images.

Naming Convention Used in this Document

(in the non-limiting example of a three-dimensional signal, where forone of the dimensions—i.e., dimension T, assumed to be time—is applied astability hypothesis)

Naming

Convention Description M_(X,Y,t) Measures the signal at the coordinates(X, Y, t), or equivalently measures of the element at coordinates (X, Y)for the image at T = t. Measures are the original settings for eachsampled element of the signal, and include both stable components andtransient components. V_(x,y,t) ^(new) Settings of the resampled imageat T = t. The buffer v^(new) may have along dimensions X and Y eitherthe same resolution as that of the sample M, or a different one (eitherhigher or lower); when the resolutions are the same, the settings ofv^(new) for a given set of coordinates coincide with the settings of Min the same coordinates. p_(t) ^(new) Precision value settings of theimage at T = t. Different sets of coordinates (x, y) may feature adifferent precision p^(new), although in the non-limited embodimentsdescribed herein p^(new) is the same for all of the coordinates (x, y)of a given image at T = t. V_(x,y,t) Calculated stable settings for aset of coordinates (x, y) of the image at T = t. Stable settingsestimate the “real value” of a given element (x, y, t) if we didn't havetransient components, hence the letter “v” for “value”. V_(x,y,t) ^(old)Buffered estimated stable settings for a set of coordinates (x, y) ofthe image at T = t before accounting for the sample at time T = t; in anon-limiting embodiment, the plane of stable settings V^(old) at T = tis calculated by motion compensation of the calculated stable settings Vat T = t − 1. p_(x,y,t) ^(old) Cumulated precision of the bufferedestimated stable settings V^(old) for a set of coordinates (x, y) of theimage at T = t. (x¹, y¹, Set of coordinates linked to set of coordinatest + 1) (x, y, t) by means of a motion vector; in other words, (x1, y1)is the estimated new location at T = t + 1 of the same stable value thatat T = t was in location (x, y). a, b Weight parameters used tocalculate p^(old) at a given T = t + 1, based on p^(old) and p^(new) atT = t; if parameter a is <1 then it means that older samples haveprogressively a lower importance than more recent samples; if a = b = 1,the importance of each sample in order to determine the stable value ata given time T = t + 1 depends only on its precision and not on howrecent or far back in time it was with respect to T = t + 1. E(.)Expected value (i.e., statistical mean value) of avalue/measure/setting. Talking about Expected value is especiallyrelevant for entities of stochastic nature: for instance measure M,which is made in part of stochastic components (i.e., transientcomponents). S _(x,y) Estimate of S in position (x, y), calculatedtaking into accounts samples of the signal at different coordinatesalong dimension T. β $\begin{matrix}{{{Normalization}\mspace{14mu}{parameter}},{{defined}\mspace{14mu}{so}\mspace{14mu}{as}\mspace{14mu}{to}\mspace{14mu}{make}}} \\{\mspace{11mu}{{\underset{i = {N - k + 1}}{\overset{N}{\mspace{11mu}\sum}}{\beta \cdot p_{i}}} = 1.}}\end{matrix}\quad$ σ²(•) Statistical variance of avalue/measure/setting.

FIG. 1 is an example diagram illustrating a 3D signal where for one ofthe dimensions Z we assumed a stability hypothesis according toembodiments herein. In this example embodiment, the dimension Z isrenamed as dimension T to highlight that for that dimension we want toseparate transient information from stable information.

For each plane element of the signal, identified by coordinates (x, y,t), we have available a “measure” M(x, y, t). The plane of all measuresM(x, y, t) for a given T=t is also referred to herein as “sample of thesignal in position T=t” (e.g., in a video signal it would correspond toa given image in a sequence of images along the temporal dimension).

Given the stability hypothesis, we can assume that M(x, y, t) is made ofthe sum of a stable component S(x, y, t) and a transient component Tr(x,y, t). The transient component is assumed to be stochastic with anexpected value E(Tr) equal to zero, so the expected value E(M) of themeasure is in fact the stable component:M _(x,y,t) =S _(x,y,t) +Tr _(x,y,t)E(M)=E(S)+E(Tr)=E(S)=S

In one embodiment, in essence, S is the “real” value of the planeelement without a transient component (e.g., without acquisition noiseand/or other highly variable components). If we have multiplesamples/measures along dimension T, we can estimate such real value. Ifwe label “v” as an estimate of the real value of the element, we cancalculate v with a suitable weighted average of the last k samples, asfollows:

$v_{x,y} = {{\overset{\_}{S}}_{x,y} = {\sum\limits_{i = {N - k + 1}}^{N}\;{\beta \cdot p_{i} \cdot M_{x,y,i}}}}$${\sum\limits_{i = {N - k + 1}}^{N}\;{\beta \cdot p_{i}}} = 1$σ²(v_(x, y)) ≤ σ²(M_(x, y, i))

The weight parameters p₁ can be pre-set values of a moving average or inmore sophisticated embodiments they can depend on estimates ofstatistical properties of the sample data at T=i (e.g., a non-limitingexample calculates precision p_(i) as the inverse of the variance of thesample at T=i, so that measures coming from samples with highvariance/low precision have a lower weight in the weighted average withrespect to measures coming from samples with low variance/highprecision).

By way of a non-limiting example, the fundamental hypothesis, asmentioned, is that M is stable, i.e., that all of the M_(x,y,i) for agiven set of (x, y) (e.g., all the measures 110 in FIG. 1, from 110-1 to110-k) have the same expected value (although not necessarily the sameprobability distribution, since the nature of transient components candiffer along dimension T). In order to account for this hypothesis, anembodiment makes sure that whenever the measure M at T=i is differentfrom measures at T<i beyond a threshold (either depending on p_(i)—toaccount for the specific probability distribution of M at T=i—or, inanother non-limiting embodiment, absolute), the estimate of the realvalue, v, will not take into account measures at T<i (either all of themor, in another non-limiting embodiment, just the ones that differ beyondthe threshold).

As shown, a given element 110-1 resides in the same (x, y) location of aplane across a sequence of multiple planes and thus does not move. Thesettings of M for the elements from 110-1 to 110-N are 13, 14, 12, 15, .. . , 13. The settings for the element 110-1 to 110-N are relativelyunchanging over time. That is, there may be a minor variation amongstthe settings due to noise or to other transient components.

Also, as shown, a given element 120-1 resides in the same (x, y)location of a plane across a sequence of multiple planes. The settingsof M for the elements from 120-1 to 120-N are 240, 238, 241, 242, . . .239. The settings for the element 120-1 to 120-N are relativelyunchanging over time. The minor variation amongst the settings can occurdue to noise or to other transient components.

FIG. 2A is another example diagram illustrating a 3D signal where forone of the dimensions Z (renamed as T) we assumed a stability hypothesisaccording to embodiments herein.

In this embodiment, the moving average of measures based on precisionswhich for each coordinate (x, y) can involve a different and nonpre-determined amount of measures along dimension T—is made easier andmore efficient by the introduction of one or more buffers. At T=t, thebuffer v^(old) contains for each coordinate (x, y) the value v_(x,y)estimated for the sample of the signal at T=t−1.

In an embodiment, a buffer p^(old) is also available, containing foreach coordinate (x,y) the precision information (e.g., statisticalinformation) of the respective estimate of the setting v_(x,y) at T=t−1,contained in the buffer v^(old).

In one embodiment, the measure M for each respective element (x, y) at agiven T=t provides an approximate setting of the element. Thecorresponding precision information p^(new) includes precision dataindicating a degree to which the setting information for a given elementmay vary with respect to its expected value (i.e., to its stable value).

By way of a non-limiting example, the precision information indicates adegree to which the corresponding setting of the respective element isstable over one or more samples. For example, the precision informationcan be a value between zero and infinity. A value closer to zeroindicates that the setting is not precise or unstable (i.e., the measureM in position x, y can potentially be very different from the “realvalue” or “stable value” that we should find in position x, y), a valuemuch greater than zero indicates that the setting is precise and stable.

At any T=t, the estimate of stable value v_(x,y) and the new values inthe buffers are calculated as follows:v _(x,y,t) =S _(x,y) =β·p _(x,y,t) ^(old) ·v _(x,y,t) ^(old) +β·p _(t)^(new) ·M _(x,y,t) =β·p _(x,y,t) ^(old) ·v _(x,y) ^(old) +β·p _(t)^(new) ·v _(x,y) ^(new)β·p _(t) ^(new) +β·p _(x,y,t) ^(old)=1p _(x,y,t) ^(old) =a·p _(x,y,t) ^(old) +b·p _(t) ^(new)v _(x,y,t+1) ^(old) =v _(x,y,t)

β, a and b are suitable parameters. In one example embodiment, a=b=1.The settings of the a and b can be adjusted to place more or less weighton new setting of an element versus previously processed old settings ofan element. In an example embodiment, p^(old) cannot grow indefinitely,but saturates (i.e., it is clamped) after reaching a threshold.

In order to account for the stability hypothesis, one embodiment hereinincludes adding the following operation, which “resets” to zero thevalue of p^(old) in a coordinate (x, y) when the difference betweenM_(x,y,t) and the value contained in the buffer v^(old) is notconsistent with the stability hypothesis:

If (M_(x,y,t)−v^(old))≥threshold, then:P _(x,y,t) ^(old)=0v _(x,y,t) =S _(x,y) =M _(x,y,t)p _(x,y,t+1) ^(old) =p _(t) ^(new)v _(x,y,t+1) ^(old) =v _(x,y,t)

Other embodiments account for the stability hypothesis by resetting thevalues of v^(old) and v^(old) in different ways. The threshold caneither be a fixed constant or depend on the local statistical propertiesof the signal (e.g., by way of non-limiting example, on precisionsp^(new) and/or p^(old)).

FIG. 2B illustrates the same example embodiment of FIG. 2A at thesubsequent sample along dimension T according to embodiments herein. Inthis case, the measure 220-1 (e.g., M=77) conflicts with the stabilityhypothesis, being different above a threshold from the value 290-1(e.g., v^(old)=14) contained in the buffer v^(old) 290. In other words,the difference between 77 and 14 is greater than a threshold value(e.g., threshold value=25). As a consequence, v^(old) is set to 0 beforeestimating value, v, so that the value 290-1 will not influence theestimate v.

On the contrary, measure 220-2 (e.g., M=238) respects the stabilityhypothesis, being sufficiently similar to value 290-2 (e.g.,v^(old)=239) contained in the buffer v^(old) 290. For example, thedifference between 239 and 238 is less than a threshold value. As aconsequence, estimate of stable value v at T=N+1 will be a weightedaverage of value 290-2 and value 220-2, utilizing as weights therespective normalized precisions of value 290-2 and value 220-2.Estimates v at T=N+1 will be then stored in the buffer 290 so as tobecome the values v^(old) to be used at T=N+2.

FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B are example diagrams illustrating a 3D signal, wherefor one of the dimensions Z (renamed as T) we assumed a stabilityhypothesis, and relaxed the hypothesis that, at different samples T,stable values maintain their exact position along dimensions X and Yaccording to embodiments herein. This means that the location of eachvalue in a precedent sample along dimension T may be different from thelocation (x, y) of the measure M_(x,y,t).

However, as illustrated in the figure, the same approach described inFIG. 1, FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B can be adopted, provided that for eachsample, t, we have available suitable motion vectors indicating for eachcoordinate (x^(t), y^(t)) the respective location (x^(t−1), y^(t−1)) ofthe corresponding element in the sample of the signal at T=t−1. Therespective motion vector setting for each element in a plane indicateswhether the corresponding object, to which the element pertains, changedits location from one plane to another.

Thus, with motion vectors, it is possible to keep track of the movementof the object from one plane to another.

After compensating for motion, the signal processor calculates stablevalues as follows:

$v_{x^{N},y^{N}} = {{\overset{\_}{S}}_{x^{N},y^{N}} = {\sum\limits_{i = {N - k + 1}}^{N}\;{\beta \cdot p_{i} \cdot M_{x^{i},y^{i},i}}}}$${\sum\limits_{i = {N - k + 1}}^{N}\;{\beta \cdot p_{i}}} = 1$

In essence, the measures M to consider for the weighted average areobtained based on motion vectors, so that measure M in a given position(x^(N), y^(N)) at T=N can be averaged out with the corresponding k−1values in positions (x^(N−k+1), y^(N−k+1)) at T=N−k+1.

It is useful to highlight that in an embodiment, for i<N, precisionsinformation, p₁ takes into account both the estimated statisticalproperties of the signal at T=i and the statistical properties of themotion vectors (e.g., in a non-limiting embodiment the precision of themotion vectors) that connect location (x^(N), y^(N)) to location (x^(i),y^(i)). Accordingly, a measure M in location (x^(i), y^(i)) at a givensample at T=i is weighted in a way that reflects both the statisticalproperties of the sample at T=i (i.e., less precise samples are weightedwith a lower weight) and the certainty that motion vectors accuratelyidentified the right location to include in the weighted average (i.e.,less precise locations are weighted with a lower weight).

Thus, according to non-limiting example embodiments herein, themagnitude of the weightings applied to the settings can depend at leastin part on precision metadata associated with the motion vectorinformation. In one embodiment, the precision metadata associated withthe motion vector indicates a degree of certainty that elements residingat different locations in a plane are related to each other.

In another non-limiting embodiment, instead of directly averaging outall of the k samples each time, the signal processor leverages buffersfor the old estimate of v (v^(old)) and for the precision p^(old) ofsuch old estimate of v. Buffer v^(old) is obtained by motioncompensation of the plane of old estimates of v, while buffer p^(old) isobtained by motion compensation of the sum of the old plane ofprecisions p^(old) (corrected based on the precisions of the respectivemotion vectors) with p^(new). The formulas become the following:v _(x) ₁ _(,y) ₁ _(,t) =S _(x) ₁ _(,y) ₁ =β·p _(x) ₁ _(,y) ₁ _(,t)^(old) ·v _(x) ₁ _(,y) ₁ ^(old) +β·p _(t) ^(new) ·M _(x) ₁ _(,y) ₁ _(,t)=β·p _(x) ₁ _(,y) ₁ _(,t) ^(old) ·v _(x) ₁ _(,y) ₁ ^(old) +β·p _(t)^(new) ·v _(x) ₁ _(,y) ₁ ^(new)β·p _(t) ^(new) +β·p _(x) ₁ _(,y) ₁ _(,t) ^(old)=1p _(x) ₂ _(,y) ₂ _(,t+1) ^(old)=Motion-compensation(Corrected(p _(x) ₁_(,y) ₁ _(,t) ^(old))+p _(t) ^(new))v _(x) ₂ _(,y) ₂ _(,t+1) ^(old)=Motion-compensation(v _(x) ₁ _(,y) ₁_(,t))

In essence, the new value of the buffers are obtained by also leveragingmotion-compensation, so that measure M in a given position (x^(N),y^(N)) at T=N can be averaged out with the corresponding estimated valuein position (x^(N−1), y^(N−1)) at T=N−1. Precisions reflect both thestatistical properties of the signal and the precision of the motionvectors that are used for the motion compensation.

In order to account for the stability hypothesis, one embodiment hereinincludes “resetting” to zero the value of p^(old) for a respectiveelement when the difference between M_(x,y,t) and the value contained inthe buffer v^(old) is not consistent with the stability hypothesis. Inother words, if the value of an element under test is greater than athreshold value from one plane to the next, then the value for theelement in the buffer is reset using the new precision and settinginformation.

FIG. 3B illustrates sample movement of an object and a relationship ofcoordinates from one plane to the next in a sequence of images. Forexample, sequence of images includes image 300-1, image 300-2, image300-3, etc. The motion vector 350-2 indicates that element 310-2 inimage 300-2 corresponds to the element 310-1 in image 300-1; the motionvector 350-3 indicates that element 310-3 in image 300-3 corresponds tothe element 310-2 in image 300-2; and so on. As mentioned, the sequenceof elements 310-1, 310-2, 310-3, etc., at different coordinates in eachplane/image can represent a common object in the image. Each element inplanes 300 has one or more corresponding settings.

Embodiments herein also include precision metadata for each element. Theprecision metadata can be conveniently stored in a mirrored manner totrack the settings of the elements. For example, precision metadata365-3 in plane 360-3 indicates a precision setting associated withelement 310-3; precision metadata 365-2 in plane 360-2 indicates aprecision setting associated with element 310-2; precision metadata365-1 in plane 360-1 indicates a precision setting associated withelement 310-1; and so on.

FIG. 3C is an example diagram illustrating an embodiment where theresolution (i.e., the number of elements) of the planes v^(old) andp^(old) is higher than the resolution of the plane of measures Maccording to embodiments herein. In this non-limiting example theresolution is higher by a factor of 2 along both dimension X and Y, butany other scale factors could be used. Having buffers with higherresolution means that the analysis includes trying to estimate the“real” values, v, at a resolution that is higher than the actualmeasures that we have available for each sample of the signal. Therationale for doing this is that we assumed stability along dimension Tand we have available multiple samples of the signal along dimension T:since the samples are potentially taken in different positions (asspecified by the available motion maps/motion vectors), of the stablevalues. In this non-limiting embodiment, motion vectors specifymovements with sub-element resolution, i.e., the motion vectors canspecify movements of a fraction of an element (e.g., “one and a halfelements up, two elements and three quarters to the right”) in arespective plane as opposed to merely indicating that an element in oneplane corresponds to an element in another plane.

The embodiment works in a similar way as illustrated for the FIGS. 3Aand 3B, with the difference that the plane of values v^(new) at a givenT=t no longer coincides with the plane of measures M at T=t, since theplane v^(new) (which is obtained with suitable operations based on theplane of measures M) has the same resolution as the plane v^(old). Theestimate of value v in position (h, k) is calculated as follows:v _(h,k,t) =S _(h,k) =β·p _(h,k,t) ^(old) ·v _(h,k) ^(old) +β·p _(t)^(new) ·v _(h,k) ^(new)β·p _(t) ^(new) +β·p _(h,k,t) ^(old)=1

For the following iteration at T=t+1, the buffers v^(old) and p^(old)are motion compensated leveraging on suitable motion maps. In an exampleembodiment, such motion maps are directly received at the resolution ofthe plane v, with element precision. In another embodiment, motion mapsare received at the resolution of plane M with sub-element precision,and suitably upsampled to the resolution of plane v (e.g., leveraging onthe approaches described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/303,554entitled “Upsampling and Downsampling of Motion Maps and Other AuxiliaryMaps in a Tiered Signal Quality Hierarchy”, the entire teachings ofwhich is incorporated herein by this reference).

FIG. 4 is an example diagram of an embodiment of a Stable TransientSeparator according to embodiments herein. The image resampler 406receives measurements 405 of the current image in a sequence. Similar tothe approaches described for previous figures, a Stable TransientSeparator 400 as discussed herein receives, as input from the imageresampler 406, settings v^(new) 410 for each element in the respectiveplane being sampled, a precision p^(new) 420-1 for each element of theplane (in this embodiment a single value for the whole plane), a firstrunning buffer including a plane of motion-compensated stable settingsv^(old) 480 and a second running buffer plane of motion-compensatedprecision information p^(old) 490-1. The separator 400 produces a planeof stable settings v 470 and updates the values of p^(old) by producinga plane of revised precision information p^(old) 490-2.

As mentioned, for each element in the new or next image plane, theseparator 400 compares a running value setting for the element in thebuffer to the corresponding new value in the next image. If thedifference is less than a threshold value, then the signal processorupdates the values in the buffer based on a combination of the previousvalues for p and v for the given element as well as the new settings forp and v for the given element. If the difference is greater than athreshold value, then the signal processor updates the values in thebuffer based on the settings p and v for the given element in the nextimage.

FIG. 5 is an example diagram of embodiments to update the buffers ofprecisions (p^(new) and p^(old)) and of values (v^(old)) according toembodiments herein.

In one embodiment, the plane p^(old) 590-1 is calculated by bothmotion-compensating plane 550 using the coordinates of motion vectors inmotion map 510-1 and adjusting the precision of each element based onmeta-data of motion vectors (e.g., precisions of motion vector) alsocontained in motion map 510-1.

For example, as shown, embodiments herein can include a precisionestimator 500-1, precision tracker 500-2, a motion compensator 500-3,and a motion compensator 500-4.

The precision estimator 500-1 receives setting sequence of frames acurrent image 410 and stable settings of image 470 and producesinformation on transient components 595 as well as precision of currentimage 520.

The precision tracker 500-2 receives precision of current image 420 andrevised motion-compensated precision plane of image 490-2 and producesthe precision plane of image 550.

The motion compensator 500-3 receives precision plane of image 550 andmotion map 510-1 and produces motion compensated precision plane ofimage 590-1.

The motion compensator 500-4 receives stable settings of image 470 andmotion map 510-2 to produce motion compensated stable settings of image580.

FIG. 6 is an example diagram of an embodiment of Precision Estimator500-1 according to embodiments herein.

In one embodiment, in addition to calculating the precision p^(new) tobe used for the next iteration (i.e., T=t+1) of Stable TransientSeparation, the Precision Estimator 500-1 also calculates Information595 on the Transient Component of the signal at T=t. Suchinformation—typically characterized by a lower information entropy thanthe original transient component itself—allows a signal processor (e.g.,a decoder) to reconstruct a rendition of the original transientcomponent at T=t that—if summed to a rendition of the stable componentof the signal at T=t—reconstructs a rendition of the overall signal verysimilar (although not necessarily identical) to the original signal. Thehigh degree of similarity is due to the fact that the stable componentis the one that carries the more important information, and thus must beaccurately reconstructed. On the other hand, the transient component (bynature less predictable and more “randomic”, very different from sampleto sample) is characterized by a higher information entropy (preciselybecause of its unpredictability), but it carries “less important”information.

In many applications it may be satisfactory to just reconstruct asimilar rendition of the transient component (e.g., by way ofnon-limiting example, a transient component featuring the same spectraldistribution) rather than encoding a precise representation of thetransient component.

As shown, the precision estimator 500-1 includes module 600-1, module600-2, module 600-3, module 600-4, module 600-5, and module 600-6.

Module 600-1 produces difference values based on settings 410 and stablesettings 470. Module 600-1 outputs the difference values to module 600-6and module 600-2.

Module 600-2 squares the received difference value and outputs thesquare of the difference value to module 600-3. Module 600-3 downsamplesthe squared difference values at multiple tiers. Module 600-4 is amultiplexer or selector circuit that outputs a tier of the downsampledvalue to module 600-6. Module 600-6 outputs information 595.

Module 600-5 stores a moving average and outputs a value indicating aprecision of a current image.

In accordance with further embodiments, the precision estimator 500-1generates precision metadata 520 based on an analysis of a group ofelements or an entire image as opposed to merely analyzing settings of asingle element from one image to the next. For example, in oneembodiment, the precision estimator 500-1 generates the precisionmetadata for the elements based on an overall analysis of a grouping ofmultiple elemental settings in the respective image compared tocorresponding settings in at least one previous image with respect tothe respective image.

FIGS. 7A and 7B illustrate an example sequence of operations to performweighted sampling according to embodiments herein.

Assume in this example that the stable-transient separator 400progressively refines the estimate for a specific value, in position (x,y) at T=1 according to embodiments herein. As mentioned, the position ofthe value in the plane may change from image to image, as specified bymotion vectors contained in a suitable motion map.

In this non-limiting example below, for images between T=1 and T=4,a=b=1 and the settings, v^(new), for the element under test neverdiffers from v^(old) above the threshold that would reset p^(old) to avalue of 0.

As previously discussed, in accordance with one embodiment, a signalprocessor such as a stable-transient separator 400 receives settingsinformation for each of multiple groupings of elements (e.g., frame,planes, etc.) in a sequence. The settings information specifies asetting of a given element for each image (e.g., plane, frame, etc.) ina sequence of multiple images in which the given element resides. Forexample, the setting of an element (e.g., given element under test) in afirst image at T=1 is 150; the setting of the element in a second imageat T=2 is 152; the setting of the element in a third image at T=3 is149; the setting of the element in a fourth image at T=4 is 143; and soon. As previously mentioned, the signal processor can use motion vectorinformation to determine movement of a given element from one plane tothe next.

The settings, v, can represent any type of data such as display settingsin which to display a respective element during playback. Controllingsettings of multiple elements in a field during playback over timeproduces a moving picture for viewing.

By way of a non-limiting example, the signal processor (e.g.,stable-transient separator 400) also receives precision metadataspecifying an estimated precision of each of the settings of the givenelement for each image in the sequence. Assume in this example that theprecision metadata information associated with the element in the firstimage at T=1 is 0.2; the precision metadata setting of the element inthe second image at T=2 is 0.05; the precision metadata setting of theelement in a third image at T=3 is 149; the setting of an element in afourth image at T=4 is 143; and so on.

Based on the settings information and the corresponding precisionmetadata information, the signal processor generates a buffered settingvalue (e.g., v^(old)) and corresponding buffered precision setting value(e.g. p^(old)) for the given element under test. In one embodiment, thebuffered setting value v^(old) is a moving weighted average value thatchanges over time. The buffered precision setting value p^(old)indicates a degree to which a setting for the given element is stableover one or more of the images.

For the image at T=1, the settings of the buffered setting value V^(old)and the buffered precision setting value v^(old) are initially set tozero. The current precision setting value for the element under test atT=1 is 0.1; the current setting of the element under test in the imageat T=1 is 150. In accordance with the equations in FIG. 7A for the imageat T=1, the signal processor sets the settings of the buffered settingvalue v^(old) to 150 and the buffered precision setting value v^(old) to0.1.

For the image at T=2, the next image in the sequence, the settings ofthe buffered setting value V^(old) and the buffered precision settingvalue v^(old) from processing the previous image are respectively 150and 0.1 as discussed above. The current precision setting value for theelement under test in the image at T=2 is 0.1; the current setting ofthe element under test in the image at T=2 is 152. The signal processorcompares the value of the difference of 2 (e.g., 152-150) is not greaterthan a threshold value (e.g., threshold value=20), the buffered valuesfor the element are not reset. Instead, in accordance with thecalculations in FIG. 7A for the element under test at in the image atT=2, the signal processor sets the settings of the buffered settingvalue v^(old) to 151 and the buffered precision setting value p^(old) to0.2.

In this instance, to produce the buffered setting value v^(old) for theelement under test at T=2, as shown, the signal processor appliesdifferent weights (e.g., normalized weights) to the settings 152 and 150based on the corresponding precision metadata settings. To produce thebuffered precision setting value p^(old) for the image at T=2, thesignal processor adds the precision setting values for each of theelement settings in the sequence. In this example, the signal processorproduces the buffered precision setting value by adding p₁ ^(new)=0.1and p₂ ^(new)=0.1 to produce the value of 0.2.

For the image at T=3, the settings of the buffered setting value V^(old)and the buffered precision setting value p^(old) from processing theprevious image are respectively 151 and 0.2. The current precisionsetting value for the element under test in the image at T=3 is 0.2; thecurrent setting of the element under test in the image at T=3 is 149.

In general, the setting of the element under test does not change muchover this sequence of images. The signal processor compares the bufferedvalue 151 to the new value 149. Since the absolute value of thedifference of 2 (e.g., 151-149) is not greater than a threshold value(e.g., threshold value=20), the buffered values are not reset.

Instead, in accordance with the calculations in FIG. 7B for the elementunder test at in the image at T=3, the signal processor sets thesettings of the buffered setting value v^(old) to 150 and the bufferedprecision setting value p^(old) to 0.4.

In this instance, to produce the buffered setting value v^(old) for theelement under test at T=3, as shown, the signal processor appliesdifferent weights (e.g., normalized weights) to the settings 149, 152,and 150 based on the corresponding precision metadata settings 0.2, 0.1,and 0.1. To produce the buffered precision setting value v^(old) for theimage at T=3, the signal processor adds the precision setting values foreach of the element settings in the sequence. In this example, thesignal processor produces the buffered precision setting value for theelement by adding p₁ ^(new)=0.1, p₂ ^(new)=0.1, and p₃ ^(new)=0.2.

For the image at T=4, the settings of the buffered setting value V^(old)and the buffered precision setting value p^(old) from processing theprevious image are respectively 150 and 0.4. The current precisionsetting value for the element under test in the image at T=4 is 0.05;the current setting of the element under test in the image at T=4 is143. In general, the setting of the element under test does not changemuch over this sequence of images. The signal processor compares thebuffered value 150 to the new value 143. Since the difference of 7(e.g., 150-143) is not greater than a threshold value (e.g., thresholdvalue=20), the buffered values are not reset. Instead, in accordancewith the calculations in FIG. 7B for the element under test at in theimage at T=4, the signal processor sets the settings of the bufferedsetting value v^(old) to 149 and the buffered precision setting valuep^(old) to 0.45.

In this instance, to produce the buffered setting value v^(old) for theelement under test at T=4, as shown, the signal processor appliesdifferent weights (e.g., normalized weights) to the settings 143, 149,152, and 150 based on the corresponding precision metadata settings0.05, 0.2, 0.1, and 0.1. To produce the buffered precision setting valuep^(old) for the image at T=4, the signal processor adds the precisionsetting values for each of the element settings in the sequence. In thisexample, the signal processor produces the buffered precision settingvalue by adding p₁ ^(new)=0.1, p₂ ^(new)=0.1, p₃ ^(new)=0.2, and p₄^(new)=0.05.

Thus, in accordance with one embodiment, the signal processor assigns acorresponding precision value to the buffered setting value (e.g.,moving average) for the given element for the sequence of images basedat least in part on a sum of the estimated precisions of each of thesettings of the given element for each image in the sequence. Forexample, the precision metadata for the sequence of images includingimage at T=1, image at T=2, image at T=3, and image at T=4, is equal top₁ ^(new)+p₂ ^(new)+p₃ ^(new)+p₄ ^(new).

Thus, as the setting of the element under test stays within a thresholdvalue range over time from one plane to the next, the buffered settingvalue v^(old) remains relatively it is accumulative when the setting ofa respective element does not change more than a threshold valueamount), this indicates that the buffered setting value v^(old) isstable (i.e., it well represents the “real value”, since it wascalculated by averaging out several samples and/or precise samples).That is, the larger the value of p^(old), the higher the stability ofsetting as specified by v^(old).

In one example embodiment, if the buffered setting value or movingaverage (e.g., v, or equivalently v^(old) for the subsequent coordinatealong dimension T) produced for the given element is relatively stableas indicated by the buffered precision setting value p^(old), and thusis likely a better representation of a setting for the given elementthan a current setting v^(new) of the given element in the image, thesignal processor utilizes the generated setting value v instead of thecurrent setting of the given element as a basis to encode a setting ofthe given element for the image. As an example, the signal processoruses the buffered setting values of 150, 151, 150, 149 . . . for eachrespective setting of the element instead of the values 150, 152, 149,143, . . . .

Also, as an alternative to using the buffered setting values 150, 151,150, 149 over the sequence, embodiments herein can include choosing arepresentative setting value such as the value 150. The representativevalue of 150 is assigned to the element to reduce a number of bitsneeded to encoded that portion of the signal. In other words, each ofthe buffered values potentially used for settings associated with thegiven element values 150, 151, 150, 149 . . . can be substituted withthe value 150. This further reduces an amount of data needed to encodethe given element in the signal.

Thus, embodiments herein can include characterizing transient components(e.g., noise, film grain, highly variable detailed information, etc.)and encoding a signal and/or component such as a particular element in asequence with a reduced amount of transient components.

The same type of processing can be performed on each of the elements ina multidimensional signal.

As previously discussed, the estimated precision (e.g., precisionmetadata) associated with a respective setting of each element in asignal can be a statistical measurement indicating a probability ordegree to which a respective setting of the multiple settings mayinclude a significant component of noise. In a non-limiting embodiment,the statistical measurement can be generated based at least in part onan inverse of a variance.

In a more specific embodiment, when generating the setting value for thegiven element, the signal processor applies weight factors to each ofthe settings; the weight factors vary based at least in part on theestimated precisions of the settings for the given element.

As an example, processing of the image at T=2 (e.g., processing asequence of 2 images) includes producing the normalized weight factors:[p ₂ ^(new)/(p ₁ ^(new) +p ₂ ^(new))], and[p ₁ ^(new)/(p ₁ ^(new) +p ₂ ^(new))].

As another example, processing of the image at T=3 (e.g., processing asequence of 3 images) includes producing the normalized weight factors:[p ₃ ^(new)/(p ₁ ^(new) +p ₂ ^(new) +p ₃ ^(new))],[p ₂ ^(new)/(p ₁ ^(new) +p ₂ ^(new) +p ₃ ^(new))], and[p ₁ ^(new)/(p ₁ ^(new) +p ₂ ^(new) +p ₃ ^(new))].

As another example, processing of the image at T=4 (e.g., processing asequence of 4 images) includes producing the normalized weight factors:[p ₄ ^(new)/((p ₁ ^(new) +p ₂ ^(new) +p ₃ ^(new) +p ₄ ^(new))],[p ₁ ^(new)/(p ₁ ^(new) +p ₂ ^(new) +p ₃ ^(new) +p ₄ ^(new))],[p ₂ ^(new)/(p ₁ ^(new) +p ₂ ^(new) +p ₃ ^(new) +p ₄ ^(new))], and[p ₄ ^(new)/(p ₁ ^(new) +p ₂ ^(new) +p ₃ ^(new) +p ₄ ^(new))].

As previously discussed with respect to FIG. 7, the signal processorsums the weight-adjusted settings of the element (e.g., multiplicationof the weight factor by a respective setting of the element in acorresponding image of the sequence) to produce both stable value (e.g.,v) and the buffered setting value (e.g., v^(old)) for the given element.Thus, embodiments herein can include generating the stable value and thebuffered setting value for the given element based on differentweightings of the settings of the element in the sequence

As shown, the stable value, v, and the buffered setting value, v^(old),for the given element over the sequence of images are weighted movingaverage values calculated based on weightings of the settings of thegiven element for each image in the sequence, if necessary accountingfor motion occurred along the images of the sequence. A magnitude ofeach of the weightings applied to the settings varies depending at leastin part on the estimated precision of each of the settings. The higherthe precision value of a respective setting in the sequence, the greaterthe weight of that value used in generating the stable value v, andhence also the buffered setting value v^(old).

The buffered setting value, v^(old), for a given element is updated foreach additional sample image in which the given element resides. Forexample, in one embodiment, the signal processor receives a next settingvalue and corresponding precision value assigned to the given elementfor a next contiguous image following a previously analyzed sequence ofimages. As shown, when generating the stable setting value, v, based ona combination of a weighting of the buffered setting value v^(old) and aweighting of the next setting v^(new) of the given element for the nextcontiguous image, the signal processor also updates the setting valueassigned to the buffered element, v^(old).

As previously mentioned, the setting value for the given element beinganalyzed can change significantly from one image to the next. This canoccur due to several factors, such as a relevant change in the entitiescaptured by the images. In such an embodiment, the moving average orsetting value can be reset. As an alternative, the buffered values canbe updated based on attributes of another image following the initialsequence of images on which the setting value for the given element isbased.

For example, in accordance with a first sample case, assume that thesignal processor receives a next setting value and correspondingprecision value assigned to the given element for a subsequent plane(e.g., next image) following an initial sample sequence. The signalprocessor generates a difference value indicating a difference betweenthe previously generated setting value (for a window of images such asimages at time T1, T2, and T3) and the next setting value for the givenelement (in a next image at time T4 following the window of images atT1, T2, and T3). The signal processor compares the difference value(e.g., the difference between the setting for time T=4 and the bufferedsetting value for a combination of images at T1, T2, and T3) to athreshold value. Responsive to detecting that the difference value isless than the threshold value, in a manner as previously discussed, thesignal processor updates the setting value assigned to the given elementbased at least in part on a combination of the previously generatedsetting value (e.g., the buffered setting value for a combination ofimages at T1, T2, and T3) and a weighting of the next setting of thegiven element (e.g., setting of the element at time T=4).

Alternatively, in accordance with a second example case, assume thesignal processor receives a next setting value and correspondingprecision value assigned to the given element for a next contiguousimage (e.g., the image at T=5) following the sequence of images beforeand include T=4. Assume that the setting of the given element at T=5 is250. In this example, the signal processor would generate a differencevalue indicating a difference between the generated setting value (149for the window images up to and including T=4) and the next settingvalue 250 for the given element (in a next image at T=5 following thewindow of images). The signal processor compares the difference (e.g.,250-149) value to a threshold value. Assume that the threshold value isset to 25. Responsive to detecting that the difference value is greaterthan the threshold value (e.g., assume 25 in this example), the signalprocessor resets the buffered setting value and updates the settingvalue for the given element at T=5 to be equal to the next setting value(e.g., the value 250) for the given element. Thus, when the differenceis above a threshold value for the next sampling, the signal processordisregards the previous settings and starts a new sequence. In otherwords, the signal processor can be configured to start process settingsin a new string of elements residing in a next sequence of images inresponse to detecting a substantial change in a setting from one imageor frame to the next.

Note again that the given element in the image can represent an entity(e.g., object, etc.) residing at different position coordinates of eachimage in the sequence. For example, in accordance with one embodiment,the signal processor can be configured to utilize motion vectorinformation associated with the sequence of images to identify thedifferent position coordinates of the given element in each image of thesequence. In such an embodiment, the motion vector information informsthe signal processor where the element under test (e.g., given element)moves from one image to the next.

Additional details of encoding/decoding of the images, motion maps,etc., associated with the images can be found in the relatedapplications that are incorporated herein by this reference.

Embodiments herein can further include analyzing variations in thesettings of the images to identify attributes of transient components inthe settings and encode a signal with reduced transient components. Asmentioned, the signal processor can process the settings across multipleimages to produce more stable value settings.

In such an embodiment, the signal processor can be configured tocharacterize the transient components (e.g., noise, film grain, highlyvariable details, etc.) that are removed to produce the encoded signal.As an example of characterizing the transient components, the signalprocessor can be configured to determine a distribution of the transientcomponents present in the signal based on a difference between thebuffered setting values of 150, 151, 150, 149 . . . for each respectivesetting of the element and the original setting values 150, 152, 149,143, . . . . The transient component distribution can be captured asparameters of an equation (or other suitable means) that requiresrelatively few data bits of information to encode.

Upon subsequent rendering of the sequence of multiple images duringplayback, a decoder and/or playback device can be configured toreproduce the signal (e.g., with transient components removed) and thenadd back the transient components into the decoded signal based on atransient component distribution as specified by the equation. Inaccordance with such an embodiment, the transient components injectedinto the decoded signal will enable playback of a rendition of thesequence of multiple images during playback so that the signal playedback appears similar or identical to the original signal that includedthe transient components. Thus, in the non-limiting example of a videosignal, the original “look and feel” of a video containing acquisitionnoise and film grain can be maintained, using yet fewer bits ofinformation during encoding and decoding.

Another benefit of removing the transient components from the signal isto provide increased picture quality. Accordingly, in certain cases, itmay not be desirable to add back the detected transient components in asignal when encoding and/or playing back content (e.g., medical imaging,scientific imaging, etc.).

FIG. 8A is a diagram illustrating an example of encoding a signalaccording to embodiments herein.

For example, image sampler 406 receives settings of images at differenttime frames. Based on input from the image re-sampler 406, the transientseparator 800 produces stable value settings 470 for the elements in theimages in a manner as previously discussed. The transient separator 800also produces information 595 representing the transient componentsassociated with the elements in the images. Encoder 810 receives thestable settings 470 and the information 595 and produces encoded signal820.

Note that any suitable method can be used to perform encoding anddecoding according to embodiments herein. By way of a non-limitingexample, additional details of encoding/decoding of the images, motionmaps, etc., associated with the images can be found in the relatedapplications that are incorporated herein by this reference.

FIG. 8B is a diagram illustrating an example of decoding an encodedsignal according to embodiments herein.

As shown, the decoder 850 receives encoded signal 820. The decoder 850decodes the encoded signal 820 into a rendition of the stable settings860 (i.e., original image settings with transient components removed)and a rendition of the transient component information 865 associatedwith the original image settings. Based on both the stable settings 860and the transient component information 865, the transient componentreconstructor 870 produces a rendition of the settings 880 for playbackon a playback device.

FIG. 9 is an example block diagram of a computer system 800 thatprovides computer processing according to embodiments herein.

Computer system 800 can be or include a computerized device such as apersonal computer, processing circuitry, television, playback device,encoding device, workstation, portable computing device, console,network terminal, processing device, network device, operating as aswitch, router, server, client, etc.

Note that the following discussion provides a basic embodimentindicating how to carry out functionality associated with signalprocessor 813 as previously discussed. However, it should be noted thatthe actual configuration for carrying out the operations as describedherein can vary depending on a respective application.

As shown, computer system 800 of the present example includes aninterconnect 811 that couples computer readable storage media 812 suchas a non-transitory type of media, computer readable, hardware storagemedium, etc., in which digital information can be stored and retrieved.Computer system 800 can further include a processor 813, I/O interface814, and a communications interface 817.

I/O interface 814 provides connectivity to repository 180, and ifpresent, display screen, peripheral devices 816 such as a keyboard, acomputer mouse, etc.

Computer readable storage medium 812 (e.g., a hardware storage media)can be any suitable device and/or hardware such as memory, opticalstorage, hard drive, floppy disk, etc. The computer readable storagemedium can be a non-transitory storage media to store instructionsassociated with a signal processor as discussed herein. The instructionsare executed by a respective resource such as signal processor 813 toperform any of the operations as discussed herein.

Communications interface 817 enables computer system 800 to communicateover network 190 to retrieve information from remote sources andcommunicate with other computers, switches, clients, servers, etc. I/Ointerface 814 also enables processor 813 to retrieve or attemptretrieval of stored information from repository 180.

As shown, computer readable storage media 812 can be encoded with signalprocessor application 140-1 executed by processor 813 as signalprocessor process 840-2.

Note that the computer system 800 or Stable Transient Separator 400 alsocan be embodied to include a computer readable storage medium 812 (e.g.,a hardware storage media, non-transitory storage media, etc.) forstoring data and/or logic instructions.

Computer system 800 can include a processor 813 to execute suchinstructions and carry out operations as discussed herein. Accordingly,when executed, the code associated with signal processor application840-1 can support processing functionality as discussed herein. Asmentioned, signal processor 1400 can be configured to support encodingand/or decoding.

During operation of one embodiment, processor 813 accesses computerreadable storage media 812 via the use of interconnect 811 in order tolaunch, run, execute, interpret or otherwise perform the instructions ofsignal processor application 840-1 stored in computer readable storagemedium 812. Execution of the signal processor application 840-1 producesprocessing functionality in processor 813. In other words, the encoderprocess 840-2 associated with processor 813 represents one or moreaspects of executing signal processor application 840-1 within or uponthe processor 813 in the computer system 800.

Those skilled in the art will understand that the computer system 800can include other processes and/or software and hardware components,such as an operating system that controls allocation and use of hardwareprocessing resources to execute signal processor application 840-1.

Functionality supported by the network management application 140 willnow be discussed via flowcharts in FIGS. 10-11. Note that the steps inthe flowcharts below can be executed in any suitable order.

FIG. 10 is an example diagram illustrating a method of tracking thestability of a respective element in a signal according to embodimentsherein. Note that there will be some overlap with respect to concepts asdiscussed above.

In step 1010, the signal processor (e.g., separator 400) receivessettings such as v. The settings specify a setting of a given elementfor each image in a sequence of multiple images in which the givenelement resides.

In step 1020, the signal processor receives precision metadataspecifying an estimated precision of each of the settings of the givenelement for each image in the sequence.

In step 1030, the signal processor generates a setting value for thegiven element; the setting value is generated based on the settingsinformation and the precision metadata.

FIG. 11 is an example diagram illustrating a method of tracking thestability of a respective element in a signal according to embodimentsherein. Note that there will be some overlap with respect to concepts asdiscussed above.

In one embodiment, the signal processor generates, per each element m ofa multidimensional signal, a stable value v, based on a stabilityhypothesis along one of the dimensions T of the signal.

In step 1110, the signal processor (e.g., separator 400), selects aplane element m of the signal.

In step 1120, based at least in part on the coordinates of element m,the signal processor selects k−1 additional plane elements of the signal(with k≥2), each of the k elements characterized by a differentcoordinate along the dimension t with a stability hypothesis.

In step 1130, based at least in part on the settings of each of the kelements, the signal processor generates a stable value v for planeelement m.

In accordance with different embodiments, note that computer system maybe any of various types of devices, including, but not limited to, apersonal computer system, desktop computer, laptop, notebook, netbookcomputer, mainframe computer system, handheld computer, tablet,smartphone, workstation, network computer, application server, storagedevice, a consumer electronics device such as a camera, camcorder, settop box, mobile device, video game console, handheld video game device,a peripheral device such as a switch, modem, router, or, in general, anytype of computing or electronic device.

Note again that techniques herein are well suited for use in separatingthe stable components of signals from transient components. However, itshould be noted that embodiments herein are not limited to use in suchapplications and that the techniques discussed herein are well suitedfor other applications as well.

Based on the description set forth herein, numerous specific detailshave been set forth to provide a thorough understanding of claimedsubject matter. However, it will be understood by those skilled in theart that claimed subject matter may be practiced without these specificdetails. In other instances, methods, apparatuses, systems, etc., thatwould be known by one of ordinary skill have not been described indetail so as not to obscure claimed subject matter. Some portions of thedetailed description have been presented in terms of algorithms orsymbolic representations of operations on data bits or binary digitalsignals stored within a computing system memory, such as a computermemory. These algorithmic descriptions or representations are examplesof techniques used by those of ordinary skill in the data processingarts to convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art.An algorithm as described herein, and generally, is considered to be aself-consistent sequence of operations or similar processing leading toa desired result. In this context, operations or processing involvephysical manipulation of physical quantities. Typically, although notnecessarily, such quantities may take the form of electrical or magneticsignals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared orotherwise manipulated. It has proven convenient at times, principallyfor reasons of common usage, to refer to such signals as bits, data,values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, numerals or thelike. It should be understood, however, that all of these and similarterms are to be associated with appropriate physical quantities and aremerely convenient labels. Unless specifically stated otherwise, asapparent from the following discussion, it is appreciated thatthroughout this specification discussions utilizing terms such as“processing,” “computing,” “calculating,” “determining”, “analyzing” orthe like refer to actions or processes of a computing platform, such asa computer or a similar electronic computing device, that manipulates ortransforms data represented as physical electronic or magneticquantities within memories, registers, or other information storagedevices, transmission devices, or display devices of the computingplatform.

While this invention has been particularly shown and described withreferences to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood bythose skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may bemade therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the presentapplication as defined by the appended claims. Such variations areintended to be covered by the scope of this present application. Assuch, the foregoing description of embodiments of the presentapplication is not intended to be limiting. Rather, any limitations tothe invention are presented in the following claims.

We claim:
 1. A method of generating, per each image element m of amultidimensional image signal, a stable value v, based on a stabilityhypothesis along a dimension T of the image signal, the methodcomprising: receiving a plane element m of the image signal, the planeelement m being one of k plane elements; based at least in part oncoordinates of image element m, receiving k−1 additional plane elementsof the image signal (with k≥2), the additional k−1 plane elementsincluded in the k image elements, each of the k plane elementscharacterized by a different coordinate along the dimension T with astability hypothesis; based at least in part on settings of each of thek image elements, generating the stable value, v, for plane element m;and utilizing the stable setting value, v, over a sequence of multipleimages for plane element, m, instead of an original setting of the planeelement m, as a basis to encode a setting of the plane element m inmultiple images.
 2. The method as in claim 1, wherein the k planeelements are located one subsequent to another along the dimension Twith the stability hypothesis.
 3. The method as in claim 1, wherein acontribution of each of the k plane elements to the stable value, v,depends at least in part on statistical parameters associated with thestable value, the method further comprising: receiving a plane elementm+1 of the image signal; based at least in part on the coordinates ofelement m+1, receiving the k−1 additional plane elements from the imagesignal, each of the k plane elements characterized by a differentcoordinate along the dimension T with stability hypothesis; based atleast in part on the settings of each of the k elements and onstatistical parameters associated to each element, generating a stablevalue v+1 for plane element m+1.
 4. The method as in claim 3, whereinstatistical parameters associated to each plane element includeinformation on the precision of each plane element.
 5. The method as inclaim 3, wherein the k plane elements received and the contribution ofeach of the k plane elements to the stable value v depend at least inpart on settings of element m, the method comprising: receiving a planeelement m of the image signal; based at least in part on the coordinatesof plane element m and on settings of m, receiving the k−1 additionalplane elements from the image signal, each of the k plane elementscharacterized by a different coordinate along the dimension T withstability hypothesis; based at least in part on the settings of each ofthe k plane elements and on statistical parameters associated to eachplane element, generating a stable value v for plane element m.
 6. Themethod as in claim 3, wherein the stable value associated to each imageelement m is generated by weighing the settings of each of the k planeelements based on statistical parameters associated to each of the kplane elements.
 7. The method as in claim 6, wherein the weightsassociated to image elements whose settings differ from settings ofelement m beyond a threshold are set to zero, the threshold depending atleast in part on estimated statistical properties of measures of theimage signal for image elements with the same coordinate along dimensionT as plane element m.
 8. The method as in claim 3, wherein each of thek−1 plane elements selected to generate the stable value, v, for planeelement m is identified by leveraging suitable motion vectors, themethod comprising: receiving a plane element m of the signal; based atleast in part on the coordinates of image element m, on settings of mand on a motion vector associated to element m, receiving at least oneadditional plane element i of the image signal, characterized by apreceding or subsequent coordinate along the dimension T with stabilityhypothesis; up until k plane elements have been received (with k≥2),based at least in part on coordinates of a last selected plane element,on settings of the last selected plane element and on a motion vectorassociated to it, receiving at least one additional plane element j ofthe image signal, characterized by a preceding or subsequent coordinatealong the dimension T with stability hypothesis; based at least in parton settings of each of the identified plane elements and on statisticalparameters associated to each plane element, generating a stable value vfor plane element m.
 9. The method as in claim 1, wherein the stablevalue associated to each plane element m is generated based at least inpart on settings contained in a buffer v^(old) associated to thecoordinate of plane element m along dimension T, the method comprising:selecting a plane M of the signal for a given coordinate t alongdimension T; selecting, within M, a plane element m of the image signal;identifying buffer V^(old) corresponding to plane M of the image signal;based at least in part on the coordinates of plane element m, selectingan plane element v^(old) in buffer V^(old); based at least in part onsettings of m, on settings of v^(old), and on suitable weight parametersassociated to settings of m and v^(old), generating the stable value vfor plane element m.
 10. The method as in claim 9, wherein the weightparameters depend on statistical parameters such as estimated precisionsof m and v^(old).
 11. The method as in claim 8, wherein a weightparameter associated to v^(old) is set to zero whenever settings of mand v^(old) differ beyond a threshold, the threshold depending at leastin part on estimated statistical properties of m and v^(old).
 12. Themethod as in claim 8, wherein a buffer P^(old) contains a plane of imageelements p^(old), each image element p^(old) of buffer P^(old)corresponding to an image element v^(old) of buffer V^(old), the methodcomprising: selecting a plane M of the signal for a given coordinate talong dimension T; selecting within M a plane element m of the signal;identifying buffer V^(old) corresponding to plane M of the signal; basedat least in part on the coordinates of plane element m, selecting animage element v^(old) in buffer V^(old); identifying buffer P^(old)corresponding to plane V^(old); based at least in part on thecoordinates of image element v^(old), selecting an image element V^(old)in buffer P^(old) associated to element v^(old); based at least in parton settings of m, on settings of v^(old), and on suitable weightparameters associated to settings of m and v^(old), generating a stablevalue v for plane image element m, the weight parameter associated tov^(old) depending at least in part on settings of element p^(old). 13.The method as in claim 8, wherein the weight parameters associated tosettings of m depend at least in part on statistical properties p^(new)of the plane of differences between signal measures and correspondinggenerated stable values for a coordinate along dimension T neighboringthe coordinate along dimension T of element m.
 14. The method as inclaim 8, wherein settings of buffer V^(old) for a given coordinate talong dimension T are generated by adjusting, based at least in part onthe contents of an auxiliary map associated with the image signal, theplane of stable settings V generated for the plane M of elements of theimage signal with coordinate T=t.
 15. The method as in claim 13, whereinsettings of buffer P^(old) for a given coordinate t along dimension Tare generated by adjusting, based at least in part on the contents of anauxiliary map associated with the image signal, a plane of settingsgenerated based at least in part on the settings of buffer P^(old) for aneighboring coordinate (e.g., t−1 or t+1) of coordinate t alongdimension T.
 16. The method as in claim 13, wherein stable values aregenerated with a resolution that is different from the resolution of theimage signal, the method comprising: selecting a plane M of the signalfor a given coordinate t along dimension T; identifying buffer V^(new)corresponding to plane M of the image signal, buffer V^(new) featuring aresolution (i.e., number of elements along the various coordinates) thatis different from the resolution of plane M; generating settings forbuffer V^(new) based at least in part on settings of plane M; selectingwithin V^(new) a plane element v^(new); identifying buffer V^(old)corresponding to plane M of the image signal, buffer V^(old) featuring asame resolution as buffer V^(new); based at least in part on thecoordinates of element v^(new), selecting an element v^(old) in bufferV^(old); identifying buffer P^(old) corresponding to plane V^(old),buffer P^(old) featuring the same resolution as buffer V^(new) andV^(old); based at least in part on the coordinates of element v^(old),selecting an element p^(old) in buffer P^(old) associated to elementv^(old); based at least in part on the settings of v^(new), on thesettings of v^(old), and on suitable weight parameters associated tosettings of v^(new) and v^(old), generating a stable value vcorresponding to plane element v^(new), the weight parameter associatedto v^(old) depending at least in part on settings of element p^(old).17. The method as in claim 1, wherein based at least in part on thedifference between stable settings v and corresponding settings ofelements of the image signal, information on transient component of thesignal is generated, the method comprising: selecting a plane M of thesignal for a given coordinate t along dimension T; generating for eachelement m of plane M a stable value v; based at least in part ondifferences between settings of plane M and their corresponding stablevalues, generating information TC on transient component of plane M. 18.The method as in claim 17, wherein information TC includes parametersindicating the spectral distribution of differences between settings ofplane M and their corresponding stable values.
 19. The method as inclaim 17, wherein information TC includes reconstruction data toreconstruct a tiered hierarchy of renditions of differences betweensettings of plane M and their corresponding stable values, according toa method of tiered signal decoding and signal reconstruction.
 20. Themethod as in claim 1, wherein the stable value, v, represents a coresetting for the plane element, m, over multiple images in the imagesignal, the core setting separated from corresponding transientinformation associated with the plane element m.
 21. A systemcomprising: computer processor hardware; computer-readable storagehardware having instructions stored thereon, the instructions, whencarried out by the computer processor hardware, cause the computerprocessor hardware to: receive a plane element m of an image signal, theplane element m being one of k image elements; based at least in part oncoordinates of plane element m, receive k−1 additional plane elements ofthe image signal (with k≥2), the additional k−1 plane elements includedin the k plane elements, each of the k plane elements characterized by adifferent coordinate along the dimension T with a stability hypothesis;based at least in part on settings of each of the k plane elements,generate a stable value v for plane element m; and utilize the stablesetting value, v, over a sequence of multiple images for plane element,m, instead of an original setting of the plane element m, as a basis toencode a setting of the plane element m in multiple images. 22.Non-transitory computer-readable storage media having instructionsstored thereon, the instructions, when carried out by computer processorhardware, cause the computer processor hardware to generate, per eachimage element m of a multidimensional image signal, a stable value v,based on a stability hypothesis along a dimension T of the image signalby: receive a plane element m of the image signal, the plane element mbeing one of k plane elements; based at least in part on the coordinatesof image element m, receive k−1 additional plane elements of the imagesignal (with k≥2), the additional k−1 plane elements included in the kplane elements, each of the k plane elements characterized by adifferent coordinate along the dimension T with a stability hypothesis;based at least in part on the settings of each of the k image elements,generate the stable value v for plane element m; and utilize the stablesetting value, v, over a sequence of multiple images for plane element,m, instead of an original setting of the plane element m, as a basis toencode a setting of the plane element m in multiple images.